Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Characteristics Essay

In 2000, one in every one hundred and fifty children was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, there has been a drastic increase of the incidence of this disorder. In 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control, autism spectrum disorder occurs in one out of eighty eight children. (CDC, 2013) That is a significant increase over a relatively short period of time. With such an increase, it is important to learn what autism spectrum disorder is and what might cause it. Autism spectrum disorder is the term used for a group of disorders in brain development. It is a complex disorder and symptoms usually appear before the child is age five. It is called a spectrum disorder because each person is affected differently†¦show more content†¦The first is a pattern of irregular language development. Although, most people with autism do develop language skills, they are generally not at a level of a typically developing person and the progress of their language development is usually slow and irregular. An example of the irregular pattern of speech development seen in autism is Echolalia. Some estimates say that 85% of those with autism spectrum disorder who are verbal with show Echolalia in some form. (Teach Me to Talk, 2008) There are two types of echolalia. Immediate echolalia and delayed echolalia. Immediate echolalia occurs when the child echoes the words immediately after another says them. Delayed echolalia is when a child repeats the words or phrases long after they were originally said. This can occur days, weeks, or even months later. Another example of irregular speech development is prosody. Webster dictionary defines prosody as the rhythm and pattern of the sounds of language. Some people with autism may know the correct vocabulary to use but are unable to use a correct tone of voice. Not only are they unable to use prosody, but they are not able to detect its use others. (Rudy, 2010) This can make them appear emotionally distant, or uninterested. An example of this is; a child, who has autism spectrum disorder, is talkingShow MoreRelatedThe Characteristics Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )949 Words   |  4 Pages 1. What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? As described in the textbook, there is a broad range of characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One of the first characteristics noted with ASD is language deficits, or using language in â€Å"odd† ways. As stated in the textbook, â€Å"Children with classic autism may be nonverbal. Alternatively, they may have significant language difficulties, so that their language may consist primarily of echolalia or delayedRead MoreLanguage Development Is A Central Characteristic Of Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1774 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review Delays in language development is a central characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Walker and Snell (2013) suggest that children who demonstrate poor communication skills often times are more likely to engage in problematic behaviors. The literature provides substantial evidence that functional communication training (FCT) is an effective intervention to use as a replacement behavior to decrease maladaptive behaviors for children with ASD. In a study conducted byRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder : Causes, Characteristics, Implications, And Management Since It Has No Cure Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism is a disorder that affects social communication skills, speech, intellectual ability and fine and gross motor skills. It is a developmental disorder that is diagnosed during childhood, when diagnosed with this disorder it is expected to stretch throughout life since it has no cure. The disorder is officially known as autism spectrum disorder. This is so because the diagnoses has five spectrum namely; Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, pervasive developmentalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder and its Causes Essay906 Words   |  4 Pageswith autism spectrum disorder. Since then, there has been a drastic increase on the incidents of this disorder. In 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control, Autism spectrum disorder occurs in one out of eighty eight children. (CDC, 2013) That is a significant increase over a relatively short period of time. With such an increase, it is important to learn what autism spectrum disorder is and what might cause it. Autism spectrum disorder is the term used for a group of disorders in brainRead MoreMason was not unlike many children in that according to the most recent Center for Disease Control800 Words   |  4 Pagessixty-eight children is on the autism spectrum. This is a 30% increase from the findings reported two years ago of one in every eight-eight children. The current study also reports that the proportion of boys with autism (1 in 42) is significantly higher that girls (1 in 189) (10 Things to Know About New Autism Data. 2014). Changes in the DSM-V that incorporated Asperger syndrome (AS), autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified intoRead MoreTypes Of Students With Disabilities1446 Words   |  6 PagesI was given the opportunity to observe different types of students with disabilities in a self-contained special education class. I viewed many different types of disabilities such as Autism Spectrum Disorder , speech and language impairment, intellectual disabilities, visual impairment, and physical disabilities. Four out of the six students in the self-contained class I observed lacked social, communication, academic, and some behavior problems. Due to many of the students lacking these componentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MoreAutism And Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who are influ enced by that singular perspective. In specific, Autism which is referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is something that the public has heard before but they do not fully understand or are unaware about its true definition. â€Å"According to the Centers for Disease Control’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM), approximately 1 in 68 children have been identified with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)† (CDC, 2016). This increased prevalence is why it is importantRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1544 Words   |  7 PagesAUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of difficulties such as in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreAutism : A Type Of Autism913 Words   |  4 Pageschildren will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid-1990’s (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is trea tment for all types of autism and are available but none are known

Water Pollution Is The Contamination Of Water - 2181 Words

The topic for this final paper is water pollution, water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies that contain many hazardous chemicals that can affect human health. This can have devastating consequences in the lower poorer countries around the world where there is no way for the people there to have access to fresh ,and clean water. That s why in this final essay it explains to the reader all of the hazardous ways you or your family could and even may be at risk for water pollution wherever you go around the world whether it has a unfiltered river system, or it has a proper filtration system and it somewhat fails and the people that work there does inform the public of the imminent dangers of all the unfiltered and unprocessed drinking or everyday use water. That is why this essay provides the reader an example of how Water Pollution can affect everyone globally, and how there are many health issues that goes with that issue , and how it can impact any country s economic status. For my first paragraph Water Pollution is a harmful thing if not careful, such as, â€Å" Water Pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies by contamination of natural water bodies by chemical,physical,radioactive, or pathogenic microbial substances†( C. Michael Hogan, PG:2 pg3/6).In this quote the author of this article is telling the audience that in the polluted waters in any river there could be any of these substances in the water that can possibly cause a very harmfulShow MoreRelatedThe Contamination Of Water Pollution1188 Words   |  5 PagesWater is a transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid which is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Consuming untreated water can lead to serious health issues. Water can be purified by boiling, distillation or by chemical means like adding bleach. Presence of color in drinking water may be due to the presence of colored organic matter like iron or highly colored industrial wastes. Odors in water may also be due to industrial pollution or increased biological activity. Water safety is a common problemRead MoreWater Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies2408 Words   |  10 PagesWater pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Contents [hide] †¢ 1 IntroductionRead MorePollution Is A Major Public Health Crisis1573 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Water, it is one of the most significant source to mankind and our planet. While it exists, so does everything else along. However, in today’s epidemic, there has been certain factors that have risen to awareness whether we can the water today is beneficial or not? In other words, the health risks against water contamination have risen in the past few decades; all from what you may ask? Well, it could be for various factors and perspectives; either environmental or materialistic. Pollution isRead MoreThe Issue of Marine Life Pollution1538 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Essay: Marine Life Pollution Introduction: Pollution can be defined in different prospective including economics. The economics definition of pollution denotes pollutions as loss of environ quality. Furthermore it defines the cost of pollution as the cost of environmental loss (Goodstein, 2011). However the literary meanings of pollution are defined as the contamination of environment that can cause harmful effects on the inhabitants. These effects are particular with the environment and a numberRead MoreCauses And Remedies Of Water Pollution1596 Words   |  7 PagesCAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES ABSTRACT Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe various causes and remedies for water pollution. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreSolution Of Water Pollution1036 Words   |  5 Pagessurface has been covered by water, and less than a third is taken up by land. Water pollution has increased dramatically affecting our food system including, drinking water, and our environment.Water pollution is generally caused by human activities but may also be caused by natural resources. Before the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people in the industrialized environment believed that the oceans were too big to be polluted, so the problem of the water pollution has dragged along with it.Read MoreThe Effects Of Pollution On The Environment And Ecosystem968 Words   |  4 PagesPollution The air we breathe, the water we drink, the ground where we grow our food, is polluted with harmful things. Pollution is the introduction of harmful or poisonous effects of a substance into the environment. It disrupts the balance of people’s lifestyle when they are contaminate. Pollution balance in the environment and ecosystem. The environment is in the process of becoming unsafe or unsuitable to use. Pollution can come in many different form, such as air, water, soil can have pollutantRead MorePollution And Its Effects On The Environment1509 Words   |  7 PagesPollution happens when chemicals and other outside substances leech into the ground, air and water. These pollutants contain poisons that adversely affect environments and the living animals inside of them. Although natural well being and security gatherings work to build attention to the threat contamination presents, if contamination proceeds at its present rate, the future impacts could crush to human populaces and the earth. .Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or solid dispersed through ordinaryRead MoreThe Chemical Substances That Exist Within The Flint River1490 Words   |  6 PagesFlint Michigan Water From what you now know about the Flint, Michigan water crisis, write a minimum of 2 paragraphs capturing the following information: Could the resultant qualitative and quantitative properties of the polluted water have been predicted with chemistry? [2] The resultant qualitative and quantitative properties of the polluted water could have been predicted with chemistry. The possibility of lead entering the water system could have been anticipated from the chemical substancesRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollutants On The Worst Drinking Water873 Words   |  4 Pagesworst drinking water? Unfortunately, let me tell yes that Houston occurs the fourth place of the ten cities with drinking water issue after Pensacola, Riverside (California), Las Vegas, Riverside County (California), and Reno. Houston is the fourth large cities of the United States. It drains many water sources such as the Trinity River, the San Jacinto Rivers and Lake Houston. These water sources provide the drinking water that we use throughout the city. The quality of this water tested by Texas

Internet Usage Policy of an Organization-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the usage and the limitations of Internet Usage Policy of a particular Organization. Answer: Introduction Security policies are set of instructions or rather can be referred to as rules of a particular organization that help the employees to understand the basic constraints of an employee. Internet Usage Policy is the policy that describes about the guidelines and rules of the suitable utilization of the organizations network, equipment, andaccess to internet (Wall, Palvia and Lowry 2013). The Internet Usage Policyis the chief certificate that is signed by all staff members and employees before starting their work in the organization. Violation of these policy norms can end the employee or staff member in prison or he can be penalized. The report outlines the usage and the limitations of Internet Usage Policy of a particular organization. This report clearly defines about the guidelines and the rules of the Internet Usage Policy. It also covers a brief overview, the purpose and the scope of this particular policy. The report also specifies the penalty and the legal actions that are to be taken if there is any kind of violation in the policy. The policy mentions the authorized and the prohibited users. The report also emphasizes on the confidentiality of the information of this Internet Usage Policy. The description of the discussion is given in the following paragraphs. Discussion Security Policy Security policycan be defined as the set of norms or guidelines, which state the security of information or data for a system, company or organization. This policy helps the employees of the organization to understand the rules of the organization and so that there is no violation of rules for the policy (Cheng et al. 2013). For a particular organization, the security policy addresses the limitations or constraints on the conduct of its employees and members as well as limitations inflicted on competitors or challengers by different mechanisms such as locks, keys, doors, and walls (Pieters, Dimkov and Pavlovic 2013). However, the security policy for systems is slight different. In systems, the policy addresses restrictions on functions and move among the functions, limitations on ingress by external competitors, adversaries and systems including access to data and programs by authorized people. There are many systematic strategies of risk assessment and various methodologies to ensur e the comprehensiveness of the security policies and reassure that the policies are completely imposed (Wall, Palvia and Lowry 2013). In various complex systems, such asinformation systems, security policies can be degraded into several sub-policies to facilitate the allotment of security mechanisms to prosecute sub-policies. Internet Usage Policy Internet Usage Policy defines the access and the restrictions of internet in an organization. All employees of that organization follow this policy (Orr, Ptacek and Song 2012). The Internet Usage Policy is applicable to all Internet users, which mean individuals working for the organization that include permanent part-time and full-time employees, business partners, vendors, temporary agency workers and contract workers, who utilizes the Internet through the networking or computing resources (Sommestad et al. 2014). The organization's Internet users are presumed to be well known with and to comply with this internet usage policy, and are needed to exercise good judgment and use their common sense while using the Internet services. Internet is to be accessed for only business purposes. The following Internet services are to be accessed. a) E-mail: Receive or send emails from the Internet that would be with or without attachments. b) File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Sending files or information and receiving incoming data and files, as required for organizational c) Navigation: Employees will get complete access to the Internet and restricted access from the Internet (Sommestad et al. 2014). Management retains the authority to add or remove services as organization needs change and alterations. Internet Access The employee is required to read the Internet usage Policy. He/she will then sign the statement that he or she agrees to comply with the policy. The user does not have any other option except to sign this policy (Choyi and Vinokurov 2012). The employee is granted policy acknowledgement and awareness. After he requests for the internet access, by submitting an IT Access Request form along with an attached copy of a signed Internet Usage Coverage Acknowledgement Form, he will get the access from the IT department. Internet access will be stopped upon completion of contract, resignation of employee, termination of service of non-employee, or legal action arising from violating this policy (Safa, Von Solms and Furnell 2016). All users are given certain ID for their internet access and when they stop working, their IDs are taken back. Utilizing the companys Internet will be supported and given only if practicable business requirements are recognized (Berger 2014). Internet access will be allowed on the basis of the current job responsibilities of a staff member. When an employee shifts to any other business unit or changes his job functions, a new request for Internet access must be submitted to IT department within 5 days (Vance and Siponen 2012.). The requirements will be reviewed on a monthly basis by the organization. Allowed Usage Internet usage is given for the purpose of doing business activities and to carry out the job functions (Cheng et al. 2013). All employees must follow the principles of the organization regarding usage of Internet. The access of Internet can include: Communication between the employees for business purposes; Downloading software patches and upgrades; Viewing possible websites for the product information; For technical information. Personal Usage The employees do not have the right to use the companys Internet for their personal reasons. However, if the reason is genuine, the employee can take permission from the authority and access the Internet (Orr, Ptacek and Song 2012). Users, who opt to transmit or store their personal information such as credit card numbers, private keys, or any confidential access, do so at their own risk. The organization is not responsible for any kind of breaching or loss of information. Prohibited Usage The employees are not allowed to access any illegal web sites and access data from those web sites (Bayuk et al. 2012). Storage, acquisition and usage of information that is not legal, or that negatively protrays sex, race or creed is highly prohibited. The organization also stops the behavior of a political activity that is engaging in fraudulent activities, and in any structure of intelligence collection from the provisions. Other activities are strictly prohibited. The activities include: Access of company information which is not within the opportunity of an individuals work (Berger 2014). This includes unauthorized access of personnel file information, reading of customer account information, and accessing information, which is not needed for the proper completion of job functions. Disclosing or misusing without perfect permission, and changing customer information. This includes making unauthorized alterations to a file or sharing personnel data with unauthorized users (Choyi and Vinokurov 2012). Any behavior that would encourage a criminal offense, or violate any regulations, state, national or international, local law. Transmission, use, voluntary or duplication receipt of material that infringes on the trademarks, copyrights or patent rights of any organization or person. Transmission, use of any confidential or sensitive information without any proper controls. Transmission, creation, posting or voluntary receipt of any threatening, offensive, unlawful, harassing material, including comments that are based on national origin, race, sex, age, religion, political beliefs or disability (Orr, Ptacek and Song 2012). Any type of gambling. Downloading of any unauthorized programs for utilization without permission from the IT Department (Pieters, Dimkov and Pavlovic 2013). Ordering or shopping of goods on the Internet. Accessing of any games. The above-mentioned activities are strictly prohibited as per the Internet Usage Policy of an organization. The employees should make sensible efforts to use the internet in ways that do not affect other employees (Banuri et al. 2012). Specific departments should set regulations on resource allocation and bandwidth use, and should ban downloading of particular file types. Software License The organization strongly supports strictness to software vendors license agreements. When at work, or when company computing or networking resources are employed, copying of software in a manner that is not consistent with the vendors license is strictly prohibited (Ifinedo 2012). Similarly, production of materials that are available over the Internet must be done only with the written permission of the owner or author of the document. Permission is necessary if the user is wanting to make copies of contents that already exists. Copies of materials can be anything including journals, magazines, books, newsletters or other online documents (Neisse, Steri and Baldini 2014). Using organizations computer resources to access the Internet for personal purposes, without the approval from the IT department and the users manager, will be considered cause for legal action including and up to termination. The employees who choose to transmit or store their personal information for example the passwords, credit or debit card numbers, private keys, encrypted certificates will do so at their own risk (Knapp and Ferrante 2012). This can be quite risky as there is always a chance of hacking in Internet that is accessed by many people. The employees should be careful about their privacy and confidentiality. Review of Public Information All the directories that are publicly written on Internet-connected computers will be cleared and reviewed each month end. This process is required to stop the anonymous exchange of data that are inconsistent with company business (Gouglidis, Mavridis and Hu 2014). Examples of public information that are unauthorized include use of credit and debit cards, pirated information, and passwords. Privacy of the users personal information and data are expected to be secured. These are secured through various functions like monitoring, confidentiality of emails and maintaining a corporate image (Vance and Siponen 2012.). Monitoring The IT department should periodically monitor the internet activities so that the users should be aware of their access and they try to limit their illegal usage and activities (Vance and Siponen 2012.). Management should have the right to check and evaluate the personal file directories, emails, web access and all other information, which are stored on the company computers, at any time without any kind of notice (Ifinedo 2012). This examination and evaluation assures compliance with internet usage policy and the employees are afraid to do any illegal work in office premises. This monitoring will even help the other employees to feel safe and secure. E-mail Confidentiality Confidentiality of personal mails or emails is another major function to secure the privacy of personal and official information. The employees should be aware that a clean text email is not a secured mode of communication (Banuri et al. 2012). There is a chance of hacking in such cases. The organization will not guarantee that electronic communications will be private. The users should be aware that the electronic communications could be intercepted, printed, forwarded, and stored by others. The users should also be aware that once an email is transmitted it might be changed (Orr, Ptacek and Song 2012). Removing an email from an employee workstation will not delete it from the different systems across which the email has been transmitted. Maintaining Corporate Image While using the company resources to use and access the Internet, the users should realize that they represent their company (Bayuk et al. 2012). Whenever the employees state an affiliation to the organization, they must also clearly reflect that the opinions are expressed from their own and not necessarily those of their company. The users should not keep company material for example documentation, press releases, internal memos, and product or usage information on any public news group, mailing list or such service (Gouglidis, Mavridis and Hu 2014). Any posting of materials must be approved by the employees manager and the information technology department and will be kept by an authorized person. All the business units and individuals wishing to develop a WWW home page or site should first develop implementation, business, and maintenance plans (Neisse, Steri and Baldini 2014). Official permission should be acquired through the IT Department. This will maintain publishing and content standards needed to ensure appropriateness ad consistency. Moreover, contents of the material that are made available to the public through the Internet should be formally reviewed and supported before being published (Knapp and Ferrante 2012). All material should be to the Corporate Manager for initial approval to continue. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can concluded that security policies are extremely important for all organization. Such policies keep the confidentiality and the authenticity of the company. The report focuses on the Internet Usage policy. This policy defines about the utilization and the limitations of access to internet in an organization. This policy is maintained by all employees. The internet usage policy has some instructions or rules for the employees so that they do not cross their limits while using office internet. The above report points out a set of guidelines that are to be followed by the employees of all organization regarding internet. This policy is extremely beneficial and helpful to mitigate or reduce cyber crime and unnecessary usage of companys internet References Banuri, H., Alam, M., Khan, S., Manzoor, J., Ali, B., Khan, Y., Yaseen, M., Tahir, M.N., Ali, T., Alam, Q. and Zhang, X., 2012. An Android runtime security policy enforcement framework.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,16(6), pp.631-641. Bayuk, J.L., Healey, J., Rohmeyer, P., Sachs, M.H., Schmidt, J. and Weiss, J., 2012.Cyber security policy guidebook. John Wiley Sons. Berger, T.U., 2014. Norms, Identity, and National Security.Security Studies: A Reader. Cheng, L., Li, Y., Li, W., Holm, E. and Zhai, Q., 2013. Understanding the violation of IS security policy in organizations: An integrated model based on social control and deterrence theory.Computers Security,39, pp.447-459. Choyi, V.K. and Vinokurov, D., Alcatel Lucent, 2012.System and method of network access security policy management for multimodal device. U.S. Patent 8,191,106. Gouglidis, A., Mavridis, I. and Hu, V.C., 2014. Security policy verification for multi-domains in cloud systems.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), pp.97-111. Ifinedo, P., 2012. Understanding information systems security policy compliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory.Computers Security,31(1), pp.83-95. Knapp, K.J. and Ferrante, C.J., 2012. Policy awareness, enforcement and maintenance: Critical to information security effectiveness in organizations.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,13(5), p.66. Neisse, R., Steri, G. and Baldini, G., 2014, October. Enforcement of security policy rules for the internet of things. InWireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), 2014 IEEE 10th International Conference on(pp. 165-172). IEEE. Orr, D.B., Ptacek, T.H. and Song, D.J., Arbor Networks, Inc., 2012.Method and system for authentication event security policy generation. U.S. Patent 8,146,160. Ouedraogo, W.F., Biennier, F. and Ghodous, P., 2012, April. Adaptive Security Policy Model to Deploy Business Process in Cloud Infrastructure. InCLOSER(pp. 287-290). Pieters, W., Dimkov, T. and Pavlovic, D., 2013. Security policy alignment: A formal approach.IEEE Systems Journal,7(2), pp.275-287. Safa, N.S., Von Solms, R. and Furnell, S., 2016. Information security policy compliance model in organizations.computers security,56, pp.70-82. Sommestad, T., Hallberg, J., Lundholm, K. and Bengtsson, J., 2014. Variables influencing information security policy compliance: a systematic review of quantitative studies.Information Management Computer Security,22(1), pp.42-75. Vance, A. and Siponen, M.T., 2012. IS security policy violations: a rational choice perspective.Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC),24(1), pp.21-41. Wall, J.D., Palvia, P. and Lowry, P.B., 2013. Control-related motivations and information security policy compliance: The role of autonomy and efficacy.Journal of Information Privacy and Security,9(4), pp.52-79

Oliver Twist Essay Example

Oliver Twist Paper In the opening paragraph the scene is set. In the opening few lines he describes his character action as well as comparing by showing the similar actions to like some hideous phantom, moist from the grave, and worried by an evil spirit. Through this comparison the reader can work out that Fagin is an evil character. This sets an image in the readers mind and persuades them to dislike Fagin. We are also told the time, place and characters all in the same sentence. I as a reader will see this to show us that this information is not important. This is as if the information was important he would have put it into different sentences and described it in more detail. By doing this it shows that this information will have little emphasis in the play. By using the long sentence which is descriptive he is building an atmosphere and tension. This is a way that Charles Dickens can create tension. For example, he can decrease the sentence length to create importance of something. He uses the long descriptive sentences when he needs to build an atmosphere. In the third paragraph Fagin is called an old man. Even the two paragraphs before he is demoralised. Fagins face was described as distorted and pale with so red and bloodshot eyes. He is described as a hideous phantom thats worried by an evil spirit. The descriptive language in long sentences used to describe Fagin shows us that Charles Dickens is trying to create tension. We know from the text that he has not been sleeping for a while and is frightened of the police finding him. Again, in the second paragraph there are long descriptive sentences used to build tension. We are described how desperate and poor he is now. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fourth paragraph is linked to the third paragraph. The fourth paragraph is a series of thoughts expressed as feelings. In a long sentence we are told of the fear of detection Fagin is feeling. At the end of the paragraph we are reinforced of Fagins character as we are again reminded that every evil thought and blackest purpose lay working at his heart. In these four paragraphs the change in sentence length helps create tension. Further on we notice that attitude can be physical and emotional. The emotions are exaggerated to add more effect on the reader. Each time Fagin speaks we are told of the mood hes speaking in. His movement is described to full detail. This is to create a tense atmosphere. When Sikes is introduced we see the use of slang words. This language is used to show how intellect he is and where he had come from, which was the streets. Fagin had been waiting for Sikes and was never interested in the job Sikes had done. We see that Fagin was frightened by the interest shown by Nancy in Oliver. So he felt a threat to his security but he was not prepared to do anything himself. This showed how much of a lazy character he was. Charles Dickens then moves onto theatrical dialogue. This is when the characters become melodramatic. We now read of hells fire in reference to Bill Sykes. The language used when writing the dialogue in melodramatic language is an over exaggeration of each action done. The exaggerated movements help create more emotions and make the reader more interested in the book as the bold actions create a sense of uncertainty of what will happen next. The use of explanation marks and other grammar helps create tension as the reader feels the characters are showing more authority. When Fagin spoke the words there and damme they had an explanation mark, even though the situation was not tense it was made to be by this. The dialogue between characters became shorter and snappier which creates interest for the readers as there was tension building up. The use of short questions and short answers helped create a scene of anxiety. Charles Dickens uses animal imagery to describe the characters. For example in the second paragraph he describes Fagin when he sat watching in his old lair and at the time was absorbed in thought The use of punctuation makes the sentences flow more smoothly. It was as early as paragraph four in chapter forty seven. The use of semi colons was used to its best by the reader as it allowed a much longer sentence describing Fagins evil thoughts. This helped create anxiety and created thoughts in the readers mind of what he might do in this chapter. In this novel Olivers moral conscience about the sanctity of belongings seems natural in him. Furthermore, other children in the novel use irregular Cockney slang where as Oliver, peculiarly enough speaks in proper English. The opening paragraph of chapter 47 in Oliver Twist, Fatal Consequences sets the scene for the rest of the chapter. Giving the chapter the title Fatal Consequences immediately gives the impression that something bad and evil is going to happen. Dickens immediately sets the scene with it was nearly two hours before day break. He also creates anxiety for the reader by using descriptive alliteration such as sounds appear to slumber, streets are silent and still and silent when describing the streets outside. Throughout the chapter hints are given to us of what will happen next. This is by the language techniques and sentence structure used. This is as it makes the text almost like a riddle and so keeps the reader guessing of what will happen. We are also given a detailed description of the character Fagin at the start which suggests that he will be the main character in this chapter. Charles Dickens uses phrases such as the streets are silent to describe the place and time. This builds a mysterious atmosphere. By creating this tension it helps to prepare the reader for the dramatic events that will occur later on in the chapter. A summary of this novel is that Sikes delivers stolen goods to Fagin. That night Fagin and Noah narrate the details of Nancys journey. Fagin decides not to tell Sikes that Nancy was adamant that her friends dont get into trouble. In anger Sikes dashes home and beat Nancy to death while she begged for forgiveness. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Oliver Twist section. Oliver Twist Essay Example Oliver Twist Essay Even a charity boy, Noah Claypole, who works with Mr. Sowerberry takes an immediate dislike towards Oliver upon meeting him and views Oliver as the dirt upon the sole of his shoe. He takes to ordering Oliver around, appropriately labelling him Workus and aims kicks at him whenever he is within range. He also continually insults Oliver on his background. Neither his father nor his mother will ever interfere with him. All his relations let him have his own way pretty well. This, coming from a boy whose father is a drunken soldier and his mother a washerwoman. It further highlights the fact that the stereotype poor orphan is viewed as the bottom of the society chain. Oliver was certainly not alone in his class, and this is the point that could be viewed as disturbing. Hundreds upon thousands of boys are treated much the same as Oliver and Dickens used this novel as an example of what went on. When Oliver finally could take no more abuse towards his mother, he attacked Noah Claypole after he made the comment yer mother was a regular right-down bad un and its a great deal better that she died when she did or else shed have been hard labouring in Bridewell, or transported, or hung. Oliver could stand no more and lashed out at Claypole. However, when he told his story to the Bumble it was entirely over-elaborated to make sure that a worse opinion of Oliver could be formed, if at all possible. He tried to murder me, sir; and then he tried to murder Charlotte; and then missis. In fact, Oliver had not laid a finger upon either. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mr. Bumble, on hearing this story then relayed it to the gentleman in the white waistcoat. (Noah) was been all but murdered sir-by young Twist.. he has likewise attempted, sir, to murder the female servant.. and his missus.. and his master, too, I think you said, Noah? Noah replied that Mr. Sowerberry was out, but if he hadnt have been then Oliver would have tried to murder him as well. Once again, the story was wholly elaborated upon, portraying Oliver as a mass murderer. It is comical how such stories can be concocted, but sad when the reality is that all such people in the same position as Oliver will now suffer. Mr. Sowerberry beat Oliver upon his return. He later run away and was befriended by the Artful Dodger (real name Jack Dawkins). He was then led to London and Fagin, a leader of a gang of pickpockets. Fagin lives off of a small side alley, in what can only be described as a furnished squat. A few beds, shelves and cupboards decorated the rooms but the main abundance within the rooms were handkerchiefs. Although Oliver did not know it, they were all stolen. Fagin also had a collection of jewellery which Oliver saw one morning, but Fagin dismissed it as his worldly possessions. This was home to Fagin and his gang of pickpockets, which were boys, some not much older than Oliver. They had all be trained to work for Fagin and, judging by the resulting rewards, were very good at what they did. Instead of being homeless, starving and eventually dying the boys had dived into a world of crime to stay alive and provide a warm home for themselves. For such children, and that is what they all still were, it shows great poverty and deprivation. Oliver was taken out with Jack Dawkins and Charley Bates to learn his new found trade, although they were foiled and Oliver got caught, although his innocence in the act was later proved. The man that had been robbed, Mr. Brownlow, took pity upon Oliver and took him in to look after him as Oliver had fallen ill. The illness was probably the result of the long journey to London, which he had undergone on foot. In contrast to his previous experiences, Oliver was well looked after, fed and cared for. He lay in bed for a few days, being nursed on and checked and fed regularly. All this, against what would most probably have been the case of neglection at the workhouse and death quickly afterwards. In summary, because of his background and situation, Oliver was taken advantage of time and time again. It seems that children were shown no mercy and used for financial and personal gain. Mrs. Mann, the Board and Fagin all tried to use Oliver to increase their own quality of life and boost their financial income. This shows how cruel and ruthless situations were and the social deprivation that Oliver was forced through, like so many other orphans. Conditions were harsh for those at the bottom end of the social ladder and Dickens illustrates this well throughout the novel, as well as offering a contrast to these conditions with the rich Mr. Brownlow and his kind and generous personality. Along the way, he was the only person that showed trust of any kind towards Oliver and offered him a chance to repay that trust, which eventually he did. Oliver Twist Essay Example Oliver Twist Essay Oliver Twist is one of Dickens early novels and one of his best loved. It has what you would expect from him: memorable characters, evocative descriptions, melodrama, a plot that relies on completely incredible coincidences. Dickens is the master of descriptive narrative and he conjures a grim and compelling view of Victorian London. His over view of London is created through his own experience of growing up and experiencing the badlands and the derelict surroundings put in front of him as a child and through his youth, in this novel he doesnt hold back any knowledge about London or any details either, a true opinion which has made this novel so successful. Introduction How does dickens use language to show the death of Bill Sikes in Chapter 50 of Oliver Twist. What this title is asking me to do is to pick evidence out of the text to describe how Charles Dickens builds up tension and depicts and creates characters in Chapter 50. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is simple to just look at the death of Bill Sikes as an accident and a coincidence, but there is an enormous amount more that Charles Dickens has done in this chapter. Dickens ability to create an image in the readers head is outstanding, at the start of the chapter Dickens describes Jacobs Island, a small part of London where the story is basically set, he uses long descriptive sentences with superlatives such as blackest, dirtiest, filthiest, strangest, roughest, poorest, cheapest and coarsest, all of these words on the same page and even most in the same paragraph, he uses these words to put across his opinion of the area, the est. words are the worst of the worst you can describe something as. He is describing the derelict ness and the poverty of Jacobs Island in this time by also describing the jobs and even the unemployment of the area, jobs such as ballast heavers, coal whippers and brazen women, all of these jobs are hard labouring jobs. Dickens also creates a wide range of characters that make you as a reader know them, Dickens splits these characters apart by giving them their own sense of speech on a page, different language, in a sort of slang, strong language of criminal underclass which is used in great effect later explained. Again Dickens reflects on the social difficulties and background of London itself in the 1830s, London was swarmed with poverty, diseases, crime, different classs of people, orphanages, overall a very commercial but saddened city. Dickens ability to structure a chapter is also another point to look at, the way he progresss from the description of Jacobs Island, he goes on to describe the river Thames, and then goes on to describe houses, windows, buckets, utensils, and then warehouses, which then develops into one house in particular where the criminals are uncovered which is Toby Crackits room and then to the old chimney which goes on to build more tension and more suspense and thus making the reader want to read on and on to uncover what entertainment lies ahead. Charles Dickens doesnt only have descriptive prestige in this book, he is very well known for his narrative devices, his dramatic use of the dog Bulls Eye, that is so in love with his owner (Sikes) so to speak really captivates the audience in a sense that you feel sorry for this dog, in the end Sikess dog comes back to haunt him as his dog leads the mob to him and that leads on to his death. Which also bring the mob, which is another great example of Dickenss dramatic narrative devices, the mob are described as a huge crowd all after one man, Bill Sikes, every man or woman in London seems to be chasing Bill Sikes and after his head in the way Dickens describes them, hundreds of angry, bloodthirsty citizens of London, in fact there were so many of them as he describes they got themselves in grave danger, falling over each other and nearly crushing each other. Before the mob is introduced there is a coming together of little Charley Bates and Bill Sikes which leads to the mob coming, Charley stands up to bates and a fight breaks out, the description of the fight is outstanding, Pouring out the cries, and accompanying them with violent gesticulation, the boy actually threw himself, single-handed, upon the strong man, and in the intensity of his energy and the suddenness of his surprise, brought him heavily to the ground. These words give you a sense of tension and happiness as Charley attacks the murderer, but also leaves you with anxiety as to whether Charley has a chance. Oliver Twist Essay Example Oliver Twist Paper Oliver Twist is a prose fiction written by Charles Dickens. It is a story written in the nineteenth century. It is a story about a flump boy who lost his parents in the early age. In his bid for several he meets a lot of people some with negative impact on his life and some with positive impact on his life. It is my intention in this essay to discuss four characters (two with positive effect and two with negative effect on Oliver Twists life) I will write about the first character who is Fagin. What does he affect Olivers life? Fagin made to Oliver an old mattress so he could sleep in it. He gave him a meal to eat and to make Oliver love him or to make him his friend. How he affects Oliver? Fagin tries to make Oliver like him at the first time the met and to seen kind to Oliver, so now we know his first point and the second point to make Oliver one of his boys but as we know that he failed a achieve his aim. Because Oliver knew that Fagin is a thief. Oliver discovered that when he send him to sell the books and a old gentleman came to see what he have in or even to buy a book. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The old man his name is Mr. Brownlow. At the same time Fagins boys steals Mr. Brownlows handkerchief. What happens to Fagins boys at the end of the story? Acting on information, which is given to the police by Mr. Brownlow, the police arrested Fagin with several of his boys. At his trial, Fagin was condemned to end his life on the gallows. My feeling about him that he was trying to make Oliver Twist a thief as he and one of his boys and to make him lose his future by setting him up and to put him in the gallows with his boys. The second character to be studied is Mr. Brownlow: How does he affect Oliver? He affects Oliver in a lot of ways. First he make Oliver know that he has a father, he takes Oliver from the street and put him in a nice quiet room. So, that to make Oliver feel comfortable or to make him feel like he has a father and a family and that they care about him. Mr. Brownlow returns every thing that Oliver missed in his life also he returned to him his fathers money. Because at the end we see that Oliver was from one of the richest families in the town and his father when he died left everything to Oliver so that he will have a good future. How does Mr. Brownlow affect Oliver? Oliver feel that there are good people in this life because if there is another one can take all his money in easy way and without any body knowing also he will never forget what Mr. Brownlow did for him, his life and future. What happens to Mr. Brownlow at the end of the story? Mr. Brownlow, Oliver and Mrs Bedwin live in a nice place in the countryside in the greenside of the earth with beautiful fields, flowers and trees. My feeling about Mr. Brownlow? My feeling is he is a good gentleman because he did what no other man can do. First he gives to Oliver a nice place to live in and to grow up in a good place also he put the thief and his boys behind the bars. So I think that he is very good man. Mrs Bedwin plays a motherly role in the life of Oliver. She gives him a chance to grow up and live a sheltered life. She has positive impact on Olivers life. Mr Brownlows housekeeper for along time, she is plump, motherly looking, old lady, with a loving expression on her face. How does Mrs Bedwin affect Oliver? Mrs Bedwin affect Oliver by giving him a motherly affection, that is by making Oliver look up to her as a mother, like when the mother sees her only son ill, and she goes to do things that makes Oliver feel better. What happens to Mrs Bedwin at the end of the story? At the end of the story Mrs. Bedwin, Mr. Brownlow and Oliver lived, the rest of their lives in the country side in a nice place, where she can see her son, I mean Oliver growing up and to making him feel comfortable. She cares for Oliver like her own son. My feeling about Mrs Bedwin? Mrs Bedwin has the ability to show love and show kindness to the person she deal with to make him feel safe with a nice lady and I notice that when she said to Oliver Hush, dear she said softy you must stay quiet now or you will be ill again. And when she took with Mr Brownlow about his expression I notice that she knew that face before like she knew his real mother. I think that she discovered that Oliver was Mr Brownlow best friends son, and that is why Mr Brownlow gave him the money back. Nancy is one of the characters that affect Olivers life in positively and negatively at the same time because in the first time or the first half she had a negative impact and the other half she affected him positively. How does she affect Oliver? She tries to get Oliver and give him to Fagin and she is a member of Fagins band. I call them band because the band cant play with out the head, which is the singer, and also the rest of the band cant get out because they wouldnt find another job. So, that is why I call them a band. And she didnt really affect Oliver because dose not do a lot of things, she just told the police that Oliver was her brother, which is not true, she tried to make Mrs Bedwin good and helpful to wards her, by crying and that stuff. She tried to make Mrs Bedwin to help her but the only thing that she did well to Fagin which is telling him where Oliver is and that has in impact on Olivers life. What happens to her at the end of the story? When Fagin knew that Nancys had met Rose and Mr Brownlow on London Bridge. Fagin is enraged, he sent for Bill Sikes. And tells him the story of what happens to him and with that boy which is Oliver. Bill has always been a brutal man, took his pistol and cold-heartedly, he went to see Nancy. On this night Nancy was killed by from Bill Sikes with out any one knowing that except Fagin because he made Bill to kill her. My feeling about Nancy? Nancy on the first of the play or novel I didnt liker her because she tried to get Oliver into trouble and problems. But at the end of novel of the story I notice that she tried to put behind what she did to Oliver. So, I think that I changed my thoughts about her. And I notice is well that she did a very great job to Oliver by telling Mr Brownlow and Rose about the man who tried to kill Oliver and she also gave a lot of information that may affect Olivers life.

Starbucks in Luxembourg

Starbucks in Luxembourg Starbucks is a large American coffee company with a global market coverage. The intention of this firm to enter into Luxembourg market is timely, given its plans to expand its operations. However, Schneider (2011, p. 71) says that before getting into a new country, it is important to conduct a research in order to understand the macro environmental factors that could impact on its operations in this country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks in Luxembourg specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to understand all the macro factors that may affect its normal operations either positively or negatively. In order to understand the macro environmental factors of this new market better, PEST analysis would be an appropriate tool for the management to know what to expect once in this country. Political environment Luxembourg is a democratic nation that gained full independence in 1890. This country has expe rienced a very stable political environment for a very long time. Successive governments have been very keen to ensure that the country remains very peaceful. This will offer Starbucks a good environment for trading. It will boost its operations if it enters this market (Simerson 2011, p 38). The political class in this country is known to avoid any direct interference with business operations. This means that Starbucks operations will not be affected by politics. Economic environment The economic environment in Luxembourg is very attractive for this firm. The report by Simerson (2011, p 38) shows that Luxembourg has the highest living standards in the world. This means that people of this country has a higher purchasing power. If Starbucks makes an entry into this market, it will be assured of a market for its products. This firm can also consider charging premium prices for its products in this market because of this high purchasing power. When in this market, Starbucks should foc us on satisfying the need of high-end consumers. This is because they make the majority of the people in this country. Social environment The social environment of Luxembourg constitutes the rich Europeans. It is important to note that the social environment of a country is always defined by the cultural practices of people within that environment. This means that the social environment that this firm will experience in Luxembourg will be based on the practices of the citizens of this country.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The total population of this country is slightly over half a million people, most of whom are Christians (Griffin 2010, p. 37). Most of the citizens of this country are relatively rich, a fact that makes the market very attractive. They also like spending a lot. The government has enacted laws that define the relationship between business soci ety and consumers. Starbucks must know these regulations to operate efficiently in this country. Technological environment According to Booker (2006, p. 78), technology plays an important role in a business set-up. Starbucks must understand that in order to be successful, it must embrace the emerging technologies. The emerging technologies have made business environment very dynamic in this country, and in order to manage the unpredictable nature of this business environment, it is important to be flexible. Most firms in Luxembourg are currently using electronic marketing to reach out to the market. This means that Starbucks must have clear plan on how it will embrace electronic marketing if it expects to be successful in this country. Technology is very advanced in this country and therefore, Starbucks cannot ignore it. List of References Booker, J 2006, Financial-planning fundamentals, CCH Canadian Limited, Toronto. Boutellier, R 2008, Managing Global Innovation: Uncovering the Se crets of Future Competitiveness, Springer, Berlin. Griffin, D 2010, Business with a purpose: Starting, building, managing and protecting your new business, Outskirts Press, Denver. Henry, A 2008, Understanding strategic management, Oxford University Press, Oxford.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks in Luxembourg specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schneider, G 2011, Electronic commerce, Cengage, Learning Boston. Simerson, B 2011, Strategic planning: A practical guide to strategy formulation and execution, Praeger, Santa Barbara.

5 tips on managing different generations in the workplace

5 tips on managing different generations in the workplace Generations have their own rules. They speak their own languages, have their own cultural references, and have their own attitude quirks particular to their maturity. This can present a real challenge for the manager or human resources professional who must deal with a diverse staff of 20-somethings to 60-somethings.While a 2012 meta-analysis of published and unpublished data concluded that there are no significant differences between generations, there are significant differences between how younger employees and older people operate in the office, and the effective manager cannot ignore those differences. Here are six tips for coping with those generational differences head on and successfully.1. Recognize and embrace the differencesAs we’ve already hinted, one of the biggest mistakes you can make as a manager when faced with age-related issues is to pretend that the employee’s generation is not an issue. The key is to get comfortable and familiar with how age factors into work personality and adjust your approach accordingly. What will work when dealing with, say, a 25-year old employee who has motivation issues and a 45-year old employee who has become complacent after decades in the same office will not be the same.Understanding where different people are coming from can help you tailor your tone, spoken language, and body language. Don’t treat people differently- just communicate in the clearest possible way, depending who is on the receiving end.2. Break out of routinesStrict routines may be an effective way to acclimate young, new employees to their office duties, but having to do the same thing every day can be suffocating for the older employee. Feeling stuck in a rut can be both dehumanizing and demotivating for individuals who’ve been with the company for a long time.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Don’t downplay the disillusionment of an older employee who complains about feelin g trapped in a routine. Help that employee break out of tiresome patterns while still being able to complete his or her tasks. You may even want to consider having such employees swap tasks to keep their workday fresh. They will be happier and more productive with a little change in routine.3. Be aware of generation-based hurdlesThe workplace is constantly evolving, and this can be a problem for employees who’ve been at the job for too long. For example, an IT pro who has been in the same position for a decade may be slower to embrace new technology than a younger employee would. A younger IT worker may be short-tempered with an older one who doesn’t understand new computer-based problems.Ensuring that everyone is kept on top of the latest developments may clear out potential confusion and defuse potential conflicts that arise from age differences.4. Team them upThey may have different ways of speaking or different attitudes toward work, but all employees are people re gardless of age. This unfailingly becomes clear when employees from different age groups are encouraged to interact.Left to their own devices, employees may tend to bunch up in age-based groups. So it can be helpful to use team-building activities or develop collaborative projects that pair younger employees with older ones to foster a greater atmosphere of understanding in the office. If they have different skills particular to their ages, they may even teach each other a thing or two.5. Keep other managers informedAs you become more sensitive to the quirks of members of different generations in your office, be sure to share that information with your fellow managers. For example, if you find that younger employees are more likely to job hop- and a 2016 study did, indeed, report that a whopping 21% of Millennials left their jobs during that year compared to just 7% of older employees- make sure that your fellow managers are tuned into that issue so they can better hold onto young er employees they can’t afford to lose. After all, the name of the game is building a stronger staff with better communication between all managers and employees.Stay open, stay informed, stay communicative, and the employees you manage will be more satisfied and effective no matter how old they are.

Marxist Political Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marxist Political Economy - Essay Example The first premises have a fundamental basis in the existence of human beings as the basis of the theory. This premise underlines the importance of understanding how human beings are physically organized and how human beings relate to nature and among themselves in the economic organization of a particular society. Marx posits that as soon as men are born, they distinguish themselves from other animals by engaging in productive activities for subsistence. This production for subsistence heavily relies on the type of means of subsistence that men find available to them at the beginning and have to replicate by reproduction. Marx explains that this activity of production is not abstract, but rather a definite activity that shapes the way of life of men using a particular method of production. As population increases, production will also be increased due to the demand created by this increase in population. Inevitably, people have to relate with one another in order for the production p rocess to be carried on without conflicts and to run smoothly. In this regard, Marx again states that the relations among people are dependent on the nature of production they are engaged in. At the highest level of relations, it is no longer relations among individuals but includes how nations relate with other nations and the internal relations between citizens. Nation to nation relationships are ordered by the levels of specialization each country has achieved in production leading to division of labour.

No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

No - Essay Example It would be hard for the company to be able to do the transaction without it being a donation. From the proposal, the company would be selling the Panini at three dollars per piece. Considering that the company spends four dollars on every Panini in the production, the company will be operating the transaction at a loss of one dollar every sale. His being the case, the company can only accept the proposal only where the transaction is a donation to the MBA students or if it were a marketing strategy and they would increase the prices later. b) Starbucks currently sells a Stainless Steel Clip Handle Tumbler - Gold, 16 fluid ounces in its stores for $22.95. Starbucks buys the Tumbler from a manufacturer in China for $ 9.00. A representative from a company in Vietnam is offering to sell them for 25% less than cost from the manufacturer in China. Discuss the issues that you would consider in deciding whether or not to accept this offer. In deciding whether or not to accept the offer from the manufacturer in Vietnam, I would consider various factors. These factors include: the quality of the products, the durability of the products, the ability to serve the purpose for which they are acquiring. Mainly, I would consider the quality, considering the low cost of the products; the quality of the materials would probably be compromised. Due to this, I would critically evaluate all the aspects of the product to ascertain that the quality of the products is at par. Besides this, I would consider the accessibility of the products from the supplier. Since Vietnam is a country that is not well developed, I would consider how the goods are to be moved from the country to Starbucks premises since the cost of acquisition would be higher in the long run due to transport costs. Basically, I would focus mainly on these areas. When preparing an incentive plan for the store managers, it should be budgeted to

Environmental issues Essay Example for Free

Environmental issues Essay It was not yet realized by the public the seriousness of the environmental problems we face if not for the issue on global warming. Dozens of organizations, many of them with international memberships, are now working on everything from saving wildlife to developing new sources of energy. But pollution, energy consumption and economic growth are independent problems. Effective programs for dealing with one of them often aggravate the others. For example, devices that clean automobile exhaust and reduce air pollution also decreases fuel economy, thereby using up our limited reserves more rapidly. Similarly, banning the burning of household trash reduces air pollution but increases environmental pollution, as land, animals and scenery are sacrificed for strip mines and oil wells, and the wastes produced by the fuel are dumped into the environment. On the other hand, ignoring the need for more energy retards the economy, thereby increasing unemployment and possibly reducing food production. Nature is fighting back against the abuses we have inflicted upon it! Due to human carelessness that damaged the environment, many communities are now suffering from environmental crises. The air that you breathe contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in certain amounts. But many people live in areas where the air contains pollutants that are harmful to their health. Air pollution is a common problem in congested and urban areas (The Washington Times 2006, p.26). Food, air and water needed for life’s processes which the environment provides unfortunately contain harmful substances called pollutants. The presence of air, water and soil in the environment is of waste materials or pollutants which the environment cannot handle, degrade, disperse or diffuse so that it becomes unclean and unhealthy is called pollution (Colla 2002, p.125). Â  There are four general types of pollution, namely: 1. Air Pollution – It is an undesirable change in the physical and chemical characteristics of air. Industrial plants, motor vehicles, indiscriminate throwing and burning of refuse everywhere make the air polluted. Cigarette smoking contributes to air pollution, most especially in enclosed places. Foul smell from waste and methane gas emitted through the combustion of refuse contributes to the problem of air pollution (Kemp1994, p.23). Prolonged exposure to air pollution may cause/aggravate respiratory and other diseases as well as irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. 2. Water Pollution – this results when water contains more harmful substances such as harmful bacteria and poisonous chemicals, than it can naturally get rid of. The dumping of domestic and industrial wastes into the rivers, canals, and other water bodies causes pollutants to be introduced into waterways. Frequent flooding which carry topsoil and sewage into the water supplies pollute the water, too. Sugar mills, distillers and mining firms without proper waste disposal systems are among the principal polluters of the nation’s waterways. Soap and water detergents produce enormous persistent layers of suds on the surface of receding waters. Substances such as harmful bacteria and poisonous chemicals are likely to cause gastro-intestinal diseases, cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, infectious hepatitis, food poisoning and even death. Mercury in sea water is absorbed by tiny plants that provide food for small fish, which is eaten by a larger fish. When they are eaten by men, mercury is deposited in the kidneys and brain which may cause death when accumulated (Kemp 1994, p.23). 3. Land Pollution – This takes place when harmful substances are introduced into the soil making it unable to sustain plant life. Dumping areas are breeding places of disease carriers such as flies, rodents, mosquitoes and cockroaches. Uses of excessive amounts of fertilizer, pesticides and other toxic chemicals can destroy the ability of the soil to self-generate. They deplete the nutrients, harden the texture, and increase toxicity, making the soil less productive. Other causes of land pollution are atomic fallouts and mine tailings which poison agricultural lands. Toxic residues from the accumulation of chemicals in the land can cause cancer and other diseases (Kemp 1994, p.24). 4. Noise Pollution (Persistent noise) – This refers to the presence of too loud, too sudden or very unpleasant sound that becomes an assault to the body causing mental or physical harm. The roaring of motor vehicles, grating sound of jackhammer, squeaking of tires, screeching brakes, blaring television sets, radios and stereos and even loud shouting are some types of dangerous noises when one is continuously exposed to them. Noise pollution affects not only the ears but also directly or indirectly impairs the mind and the whole body. Directly, it can cause deafness; indirectly, it may lead to increased heart beat and high blood pressure that eventually cause cardiovascular disease (Kemp 1994, p.24). Most pollution is caused by man, pollutants will increase as population grows, and hence, minimizing the production of pollutants and managing its proper disposal must be the goal of every human being. But the air pollution must be given extra attention by the government, society and each individual to protect people from this environmental danger, not only for ourselves but for future generations. Air Pollution, Environmental Hazard There are five basic pollutants of air are carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, hydrocarbons (organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon) and small particles that float in the air (Jordan 2005, p.12-20). Sources of Air Pollution 1. Automobile exhausts The poisonous carbon monoxide in the air comes from automobiles. Nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons are also produced as by-products of engine combustion. The more vehicles there are on the road, the greater is the possibility of pollution. Unleaded gasoline and some anti-pollution automobile parts cut down the amount of pollutants in the air. But transportation vehicles are still a major cause of air pollution. 2. Industry Industries are responsible for the second largest amount of pollution in the air, next only to vehicles. Fuels that are used in some industries may give off large amounts of sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide and harmful particles of dust and ash. Sulfur oxide is made when fuels containing sulfur like coal are burned. Certain industrial processes may give off more of one pollutant than another. This depends on the kind of fuel used and the product that is being made. 3. Individuals People pollute the air in many ways. Each time a person smokes a cigar/cigarette, the air is being polluted when he burns trash, air pollution is increased. More pollution is added when he uses wood for cooking or to keep warm during the cold months or cool during the hot months. Effects of Air Pollution 1. Respiratory disorders If you have breathed polluted air, the eyes may water, the nose may run and a cough may develop. Serious illnesses are likely to happen to people long exposed to polluted air. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer are common in air polluted areas. Cigarette smoking is closely related to the development of long cancer. Heart diseases, especially heart attacks occur more in places where there is a high level of carbon monoxide in the air. 1. Accidents Vehicle accidents happen more often in places where air is polluted. These accidents may be caused by poor visibility in the polluted air. Or they may be caused by increased exposure to carbon monoxide. People with watery eyes, headaches and breathing problems often find it hard to drive in air polluted areas. 2. High economic cost The government may spend billions of pesos per year to control air pollution. However, little has been done by the government to control air pollution due to the struggling economy and the low economic growth. The United States spends around 4o billion dollars a year to control air pollution. The cost of air pollution is about 200 dollars per year for each person. Air pollution can also add to the rusting and corrosion of vehicles and machinery. Even farm crops may be harmed or stunted in growth by air pollution. There is a way out of this trap. In a word, it is sacrifice. The fact that there is no way both to clean up the environment and conserve natural resources without changing the life-style of people in the industrialized nations. The challenge is that of motivating people to make the necessary changes now, before a worldwide disaster forces much more difficult adjustments upon us. Preventing of Air Pollution Everyone needs to care more about the problem of air pollution. Car exhausts and air conditioning systems can be checked at regular times and kept in good working condition. Air conditioners, if not working properly, may give off harmful hydrocarbons. Vehicles should not be allowed to idle for more than a few minutes because idling lets carbon monoxide escape in the sir. Use of public transportation would also lower the number of vehicles on the road and in return would also lower air pollution. Strict laws on transportation and industry must be enforced. Instead of burning trash, it should be allowed to decompose in pits. The decomposed materials can be utilized as fertilizer for plants and at the same time minimizes smoke in the air. Stricter laws on cigarette smoking should also be enforced. The end result of this is lesser lung and heart ailments and cleaner atmosphere (Cline 1992, p.35-37). Political Action The real problem comes from the wealth the power of the opponents of environmental protection. On the local level, environmentalist face rich land developers who can make large campaign contributions to the politicians who decide what land may or may not be developed. At higher levels of government, environmentalists face even more powerful foes: multinational corporations that stand to make big profits from despoiling the environment. Included here are some of the most powerful corporations in the world, such as petroleum and mineral companies that want to sink wells and mines in fragile wilderness areas, the manufacturers that spew pollutants into the air and water, and the firms that sell products such as polluting automobiles and unsafe pesticides. Such corporations have spent hundreds of million dollars to persuade the government not to outlaw their destructive activities (Diehl, p.20-21). The environmentalists and the concerned public simply do not have that kind of money. If we are to preserve the natural environment for ourselves and the generations to come, two things must be done. First, a stronger educational campaign must be launched to make more people aware of environmental problems. Second, more ordinary citizens must join together and become involved in the political action necessary to strengthen anti-pollution laws, increase the enforcement effort, and protect our natural resources. Conserving Resources There is no doubt that our existing resources can be used far more efficiently. It is possible for a large-scale, multiple-stage recycling program to be introduced in imitation of natural ecosystems. To take a simple example, garbage could be used as fuel to run the mills to make recycled paper, the wastes from which could be burned as fuel. Similarly, it is possible that community water districts will some day become closed systems, meaning that the water would be used again and again, never being discharged into an ocean or river. Some factories already have such closed systems (Sarewitz 2000, p.55). It is possible to envision larger closed systems designed so that no industrial material would ever be discarded as either waste or pollution. Energy conservation can also stretch our natural resources. Insulating homes, driving smaller cars at slower speeds, riding trains and buses instead of driving cars, recycling the heat used in factories, and restricting the manufacture of energy-wasting gadgets are obvious ways of eliminating waste. The immediate task is not to develop technologies that are more energy sufficient; the challenge is to find ways or persuading people to use the conservation measures that are already available. Better Technology A growing number of scientists and concerned citizens are coming to see solar system as the best answer to the world’s energy problems. Solar power units use the endless supply of energy from the sun, are nonpolluting, and pose no threat of radiation or explosion. Other promising approaches use specially prepared ponds of water to trap solar energy or mirrors to concentrate it on a single location, where it can be used to generate electrical power (Tennesen 2004, p.85). Limiting Growth Technological solutions are attractive, but it is doubtful that they alone can resolve the environmental crisis. It is often argued that industrial growth is necessary to create new jobs for a growing population. The argument that economic growth is necessary to eliminate poverty and create a more egalitarian society is also misleading. Despite decades of rapid economic growth, the industrialized nations continue to show enormous inequalities of wealth and power (1991, p.12). Conclusion The environmental crisis does not mean everyone should return to hunting and gathering; the world’s current population is too large to even consider such an idea. Keeping a clean environment is the responsibility of the government, society and each individual. Today, air pollution must be given extra attention to protect people from this environmental danger. All of us must have aknowledge of this environmental menace. The young generations today, like us, crave for the total preservation of our natural resources, earnestly begging to put an end to wastage and preserve the natural wealth intended by our Mother Earth for the future. Yes, there is still gleaming hope to save our Mother Earth from total destruction. There is still a chance to regain the lost paradise we unscrupulously abused. We must do our part to make this world a safer place to live in, not just for ourselves and our neighbors but our future generations. The will to dynamic implementation to this urgent call lies in your strong and sustainable support, giving once more Mother Earth a chance to care for our lives now and in the future generations.

Time :: essays research papers

Time is perhaps man's worst enemy, beside himself. For countless eons, man has tried to fight the affects of time. For time brings change. They are inevitably linked in the same cosmic chain. No matter what you do, no matter the steps you take, time will always bring change. Time can bring on many types of changes. It can bring on physical change, such as a mountain being destroyed over time by erosion. Or, it can bring on emotional and physiological change, such as an army prisoner of war in a POW camp. But bear in mind, a person's physical surroundings can also serve to speed/slow/reduce/and even counteract the change. Change is not always for the worst. Some changes can be for the better. In THE SCARLET LETTER, Nathaniel Hawthorne, shows that as time goes by, Reverend Dimmesdale changes from a strong, hearty man to a weak and sickly one, but also given enough time (and some encouragement), he re-grows to once again be a strong man, perhaps more so than he was before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we first meet Author Dimmesdale, he was a '…young clergy man... His eloquence and religious fervor has already given the earnest of high eminence in he profession.'; (p. 62. 3rd paragraph)* The people loved and respected him. He was thought to be '…a godly pastor,';(p. 48) of Hester. But the people do not know his secret. They do not know the dark sin that he holds in the deep recesses of his heart. This causes him much pain. 'It is inconceivable, the agony whit which this public veneration tortured him! It was his genuine impulse to adore the truth, and to reckon all things shadow-like, and utterly devoid or weight or value, that had not its divine essence as the life within their life. Then, what was he? -a substance?- or the dimmest of all shadows?'; (page 131-123)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Dimmesdale does all that he can in a vain attempt to rid himself of the guilt he hides inside. He whips himself, he fasts, and he even goes to the scaffold in an endeavor to alleviate his guilt. But all attempts fail and leads to more guilt and hence more chastising.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He is not cured from his guilt until he and Hester agree to leave the colony and return to England. 'The excitement of Mr. Dimmesdale's feelings, as he returned for his interview with Hester, lent him unaccustomed physical energy, and hurried him town ward at a rapid pace.

Social structure

Introduction: Culture harmonizes people behavior and at the same time creates barriers between different groups. Donnan and Wilson (1999) have argued that borders of cultures and identities make up the least studied and understood phenomena of international borders and admit that borders are always descriptions since they are illogical constructions based on cultural convention. Similarly, most of the organizations meet the diverse consequences of culture in our modern globalizing world; the cooperation of individuals, groups, and organizations is a vital issue for any social entity and largely depends on their cultural background.Individualism is an attitude that emphasizes the importance of individual over the group identity and collectivism is the opposite tendency that emphasizes the importance of â€Å"we† identity over â€Å"I† identity (Hofstede, 1980). Individualism VS collectivism Just as Western businesses have intensified their efforts to learn from Asian org anizations, so too has there been a rise in research on cross-cultural differences between the two regions. Asian and Western cultures have been distinguished along a variety of characteristics (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994; Triandis, 1994).However, it is the dimension of individualism and collectivism that has received the most attention by psychologists specializing in cross-cultural research. Cultural values of individualism and collectivism differ in their relative emphasis on independence vs. interdependence with one’s group (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). In individualistic cultures, people are viewed as independent and possessing a unique pattern of traits that distinguish them from other people (Markus & Kitayama, 1994).In contrast to such independence and uniqueness, people in collectivistic cultures view the self as inherently interdependent with the group to which they belong. Therefore, whereas people in individualistic cultures often give global and abstract descriptions of themselves (e. g. , I am optimistic), people in collectivistic cultures might ask how they could possibly describe themselves in the absence of information about a particular situation (Bachnik, 1994).To someone from a collectivistic culture, a relatively abstract description of the person can appear artificial because it implies that he or she is the same regardless of context (Cousins, 1989). One of the most important consequences of these divergent views of the self is the degree of conformity that is observed in social settings. A meta-analysis of studies using Asch’s (1956) line judgment task suggested that Asians demonstrated a stronger tendency to conform than Americans (Bond & Smith, 1996). In fact, the very concept of conformity may have different connotations in different cultures.While conformity is often viewed negatively in an individualistic culture, uniqueness can be viewed as a form of deviance and conformity associated with harmony in a more collectivistic cu lture (Kim & Markus, 1999). Because the person’s identity is closely linked to his/her social group in collectivistic cultures, the primary goal of the person is not to maintain independence from others, but to promote the interests of the group (Davidson, Jaccard, Triandis, Morales, & Diaz-Guerrero, 1976). In contrast, most people in individualistic cultures assume that their identity is a direct consequence of their unique traits.Because the norms of individualistic cultures stress being â€Å"true† to one’s self and one’s unique set of needs and desires (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, & Nisbett, 1998), the person may be encouraged to resist social pressure if it contradicts his/her own values and preferences. Thus, people in individualistic cultures can be expected to be consistent in their views and maintain them in the face of opposition, while people in collectivistic cultures might consider the failure to yield to others as rude and inconsiderate.In coll ectivistic cultures, self-esteem is not derived from characteristic behavior or from calling attention to one’s own unique abilities. There is greater emphasis on meeting a shared standard so as to maintain harmony in one’s relationship to the group (Wink, 1997). People in collectivistic cultures are therefore not motivated to stand out from their group by competitive acts of achievement or even making positive statements about themselves (Kitayama, Markus, & Lieberman, 1995). Instead, there is a tendency toward self improvement motivated by concern for the well being of the larger social group.Whereas members of individualistic cultures strive for special recognition by achieving beyond the norms of the group, collectivists are more motivated to understand the norms for achievement in the particular context so as to meet that standard (Azuma, 1994). Therefore, one might expect groups defined by collectivistic norms to be high in collaboration and achievement of collec tive goals, whereas groups with individualistic norms may have greater variability in performance among its individual members. High context to low context cultures: In today's business relations, it's a small world after all.As more companies turn towards global markets, professionals are finding themselves in foreign locales, wheeling and dealing like never before. However, the key to effective communication between countries is an understanding of each other's culture, especially a working knowledge of how each society conveys meaning. First used by author Edward Hall, the expressions â€Å"high context† and â€Å"low context† are labels denoting inherent cultural differences between societies. High-context and Low-context communication refers to how much speakers rely on things other than words to convey meaning.Hall states that in communication, individuals face many more sensory cues than they are able to fully process. In each culture, members have been supplied with specific â€Å"filters† that allow them to focus only on what society has deemed important. In general, cultures that favour low-context communication will pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them. It is important to remember that every individual uses both high-context and low-context communication; it is not simply a matter of choosing one over the other.Often, the types of relationships we have with others and our circumstances will state the extent to which we rely more on literal or implied meanings. Novelist Amy Tan describes the differences in cultural communication this way: â€Å"An American business executive may say, ‘Let's make a deal,' and the Chinese manager may reply, ‘Is your son interested in learning about your widget business? ‘ Each to his or her own purpose, each with his or her own linguistic path. † When individuals from high-context and low-context cultures collaborate, ther e are often difficulties that occur during the exchange of information.These problems can be separated into differences concerning â€Å"direction†, â€Å"quantity† and â€Å"quality. † For example, employees from high-context cultures like China and France share very specific and extensive information with their â€Å"in-group members† (good friends, families, close co-workers, etc). In comparison, low-context cultures like the United States and Germany prefer to limit communication to smaller, more select groups of people, sharing only that information which is necessary. High-Context CommunicationHall states â€Å"Most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person. † ? Knowledge is situational, relational ? Less is verbally explicit or written or formally expressed ? More internalized understandings of what is communicated (ex: â€Å"in-jokes†) ? Often used in long term, well-established relationships   Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face communication, ? often around a central, authoritative figure ? Strong awareness of who is accepted/belongs vs. â€Å"outsiders† Association  Relationships depend on trust, build up slowly, and are stable. ? How things get done depends on relationships with people and attention to group process. ? One's identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work). Interaction ? High use of nonverbal elements; voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and ? Eye movement carry significant parts of conversation. ? Verbal message is indirect; one talks around the point and embellishes it. ? Communication is seen as an art form-a way of engaging someone. ? Disagreement is personalized.One is sensitive to conflict expressed in another's nonverbal communication. Conflict either must be solved before work can progress or must be avoided. Learning ? Multiple sources of information are used. Thinking is deductive, proceeds from ge neral to specific. ? Learning occurs by first observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing. ? Groups are preferred for learning and problem solving. ? Accuracy is valued. How well something is learned is important. High context cultures are more common in the eastern nations than in western, and in countries with low racial diversity.Cultures where the group is valued over the individual promote group reliance. High context cultures have a strong sense of tradition and history, and change little over time, such as tribal and native societies. For instance, the French assume that the listener knows everything. Therefore, they may think that Americans think they are stupid because Americans will habitually explain everything to their counterparts. Former president Jimmy Carter understood the importance of high-context communication with his colleagues from Israel and Egypt during the peace talks at Camp David.When Prime Minister Begin was about to leave the unsati sfactory negotiations, Carter presented him with pictures of the three heads of state, with the names of each of Begins grandchildren written on the photographs. The prime minister repeated the names of his grandchildren out loud as he looked at the pictures, reflecting on the importance of the peace negotiations to his grandchildren's futures. Carter recognized that a high-context reference to future generations would induce the prime minister to return to the negotiations. Low Context CommunicationHall states â€Å"The mass of information is vested in the explicit code (message). † ? Rule oriented ? More knowledge is public, external, and accessible. ? Shorter duration of communications ? Knowledge is transferable ? Task-centred. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done and the division of responsibilities. Association ? Relationships begin and end quickly. Many people can be inside one's circle; circle's boundary is not clear. ? Things get done by follow ing procedures and paying attention to the goal. ? One's identity is rooted in oneself and one's accomplishments.Social structure is decentralized; responsibility goes further down (is not concentrated at the top). Interaction ? Message is carried more by words than by nonverbal means. ? Verbal message is direct; one spells things out exactly. ? Communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas, and opinions. ? Disagreement is depersonalized. One withdraws from conflict with another and gets on with the task. Focus is on rational solutions, not personal ones. Learning ? One source of information is used to develop knowledge. ? Thinking is inductive, proceeds from specific to general.Focus is on detail. ? Learning occurs by following explicit directions and explanations of others. ? An individual orientation is preferred for learning and problem solving. ? Speed is valued. How efficiently something is learned is important. An individual from a high context culture has t o adapt, and/or be accommodated when shifting to a low context culture. High context cultures expect small close-knit groups, where professional and personal life is interrelated. Therefore, a high context individual is more likely to ask questions than attempt to work out a solution independently.References Brockner, J. (2003). Unpacking country effects: On the need to operationalize the psychological determinants of cross-national differences. Research in organizational behavior, (P 333–367). Flynn, F, & Chatman, J. (2001). Strong cultures and innovation: Oxymoron or opportunity? In S. Cartwright (Ed. ), International handbook of organizational culture and climate. Wink, P. (1997). Beyond ethnic differences: Contextualizing the influence of ethnicity on individualism and collectivism. Journal of Social Issues, (P 329–349).

Brazilian Literature Essay

For a long duration, Dom Casmurro, Machado de Assis’s novel has moved its readers to opening a debate on if Santiago’s wife, Capitolina, had been faithful to Santiago. The narrator was believed to have loved his wife since their childhood. His mother, who later passed on had wanted the narrator to become a priest thus avoid getting married to his girlfriend. They later got married but later starts to suspect the wife of an affair with Escobar, a close buddy of his. Escobar later on perishes in an accident and the narrator’s wife got a baby boy, Ezekiel. The conflict of the narrator reaches climax as the people around him indicates that the born child resembles Escobar. The narrator is left sad with this as he accuses his wife of infidelity and longs for revenge while on the other hand trying to prevent himself. The supposed infidelity of the narrators wife is not the main issue, but the most debated issue in this novel is the manner in which reader is positioned by the novel in asking or deciding the himself question or just his version of the issue. In order to respond to such questions, one is expected to view the events in the novel in order to take position. The whole narration comes out from the narrators view point as he converts the subjectivity into mere fiction. In the novel, the reader of the novel is enticed by the narrator, Casmurro into his confidence as well as being manipulated to condemn Capitu, his wife. This makes the reader perceive him as a person who took the responsibility of his wife’s death and the other reprehensible behaviors of the life he lived there after (Joaquim, Maria). There are several clues in the presumed eyewitness’s account of truthfulness. But closely looking at the clues given by the narrator leaves one to finalize that the narrator is living a lie and the way in which the desire he expresses in trying to fill in the central existence of his, fails since the fact of the life he is living is in a lacunae which he is not in a position to have it in the story of his life. Casmurro, right from start, portrays himself as the figure with authority in the story and starts to manipulate the audience. The insight into Casmurros personal traits is portrayed in the first chapter as in â€Å"DO titulo† (the title) he tries to link to audience with the way in which he got his nickname Dom Casmurro. He goes ahead to inform the reader not to find the meaning of the word Casmurro in the dictionary, however, he indicates that it implies tight-lipped person who is withdrawn within himself. On the other hand, the name is a old fashioned Portuguese word defined by the dictionary as obstinate, bull-headed or fearful, withdrawn, aloof, dour and gloomy(Scott). The narrator is believed to have gotten his nick name from a young gentleman within his neighborhood who was feeling being insulted by Casmurro. This name, Dom Casmurro was given to the narrator during one of his journeys by train to Engenho Novo. On the way, he met the young man who was reading some poems for him. Tired, Casmurro fell asleep even without getting what the young man was reading for him in his poems. The following day, the man whop felt ignored stated calling the narrator ‘Dom Casmurro’. Because of the narrator’s humble nature, Dom was used in a belittling manner. The entire neighborhood saw the name Casmurro as being fitting to him so much that it got stuck. Casmurro makes the nickname the title of his story after giving it definition for the audience as well as discrediting it with a lot of humor. He goes ahead to portray himself as a real gentleman and an honest man. Looking at the meaning of the name in the dictionary leaves on to start questioning the truthfulness of the narrator (Assis and Gledson 246). The narrator, who just refers to himself as Dom Casmurro, is reluctant in identifying his true identity. The audience only learns later on that Casmurro’s real name is Bento Santiago. The narrator does not want to assume this identity but prefers to remain just as Dom Casmurro. He later tries to recall all the happenings of his earlier life hoping to go on with reorganizing his life the way it used to be. As he gives introduction of his memoirs, he talks of some recollections which he refers to as charming and sweet. As the narrator promises to provide a faithful narration of his earlier life, he also posses the expectations of having the reader taking his story as true but not consider issue outside the meaning of his narration. The question the reader is left asking himself or herself is whether he or she can believe whatever the narrator is saying. With this said it is clear that Casmurro wants to relinquish the influence of the story as well as leaving the whole story in the reader’s hands. He does this by inviting the audience to have the gaps in the story filled. But the reader is left with little chance to do so since he is making sure that the reader adopts to his views and ignores the questions out side this. But the reader can condone the narrator’s behaviors if he decides to expose them. In trying to tell the story from his own point of view, the narrator wants to create a link of trust as well as establish confidence with the audience. But he has indicated to the reader a number of his fault as well as discounting the sternness with unwarranted explanations for behaving in that manner. Casmurro comes out to be unable to keep the needed control over the audience in the chapter. In order to fill in this gaps the reader, can do so by taking the case of the narrator has been in long defense of himself. By misleading the reader in the initial narration, Casmurro conflates Bento Santiago with Dom Casmurro. The narrator is sufficient distinct from bento Santiago and needs to be another character. As in the events which follow this, the narrator used the name Casmurro as the persona in the narrative to give picture of his life and allow him to relinquish the responsibilities that could be associated with Santiago wants life. The real truth of the story lies in the gaps left for the reader to fill which appears to be the responsibilities of the reader, thus the reader has to choose the role to play. The name Casmurro does not appear as the most suitable title for this story since it does not flow with the ideas of the story. The slum This is a novel which takes one back to the history of a naturalistic movement of Brazil, in which the major characters are slum residents in the Botafogo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro which contributed to a great part of the social problems experienced in the society. This kind of live has disordered the slums growth and development for many years. One of the main characters, Joao Romao arrives in a scene of the slum yarning for money and more power. This indicates how the powerful have concentrated resources to them selves forgetting the poor ones in the slum. The rich and powerful society of Brazilian as alienated from the Brazilian culture leaving the poor to struggle on their own. Many people, in the initial setting are exposed to the harsh slum live. The rich are depicted as being greedy merchants who like associating them selves with the Portuguese (Joaquim 254). The roles of the women in the slum include being submissive family heads, prostitutes, subjects to the rich and objects. There is a lot of racism exhibited considering the way the blacks are treated by the Portuguese and the Italians. Bertoleza, a slave grocer living in the ghetto, represents the many people fighting to make survival. She sells ox baits and fried fish. She is a symbol of the many slum dwellers who are in their situation because of being black which is seen as the cost of working all day long for the masters. She works hard despite the low wages she raises from her job. Development in the slum is indicated when she intents to use some of the money she earns to purchase an earth strip for expansion of her business and built a house for herself as she is tired of the informal house she lives in the centre of the Rio de Janeiro slum. The slum people have created a social macrocosm. Very early in the morning the slum live starts, the residents open not their eyes but their infinity of doors and allied windows. The characters exhibited to in the slum as fighting, working, copulating, singing or even singing. The slum comes out as a place where the blacks as well as the mulattos are ever engaged in scrambles with the Portuguese and Italian in order to move up from the bottom line of the social food chain. This indicates a live that lack social pathologies, violence, sordid betrayals, illicit sexual relationships, lesbians and homosexuals as well as cheap prostitution business, illicit liquor, increased drug abuse and small organized crimes associated with increasing juvenile delinquency. The Portuguese civilians in the slum represented by Jeronimo and his wife find a group of people represented by Rita Baiana and Firmino who are the poor residents of the slum in the normal slum social groups. The story of the slum is also concerned with the love affair of Romao, a land owner in the slum who gives out everything as well as his Brazilian wife in order to win a white lady and those of his land tenants ending up destroying several lives including those of spitfire Rita Bahiana and Jeronimo and his own too. He had risen from being a proprietor of a small business to a slum dog lord. This represents the urban discontent, is portrayed to have its people having some personal traits which exhibit rampant materialism as well as souls which are restlessly shaped and influenced by great ambition and desire to gain power and immediacy. The social vices exhibited in the slum are as a result of the poverty associated with the slum which has driven its people to desire for more than what the society they are living in can offer. These are exhibited as the characters of most slum dwellers who survive at any opportunity, given the chance to find their breakthrough. The people with money in this society have taken the advantage of the situation to get cheap sexual satisfaction from the Poor’s wives. The near by neighborhood of Portuguese is seen as being rich one. The interaction of the Portuguese with the slum dwellers starts is believed to bring some changes to the slum. It is due to this that the slum dwellers start to have closer relationships with the Portuguese who employ them in better jobs. Others get into personal relationships or even marriage with the Portuguese attracting better packs for their lives as the presence of the Portuguese increases in the slum. They start get interest of developing the slum into a better environment where they would invest. Some developments are portrayed when some of the rich slum people like Romao establishes a quarry and goes ahead to in invite Jeronimo to help in its management. With so much rivalry developing in the slum due to hatred and envy of some Brazilian getting associated with the Portuguese, the slum is burned down at some point. Later on, it is built up with some improvement in the building structure by the middle class society thus eliminating the initial state of poverty and disorganization experienced by the slum dwellers before. This changes the former kind of live style that the slum dwellers had adapted. As the intermingling of the Brazilians with the Portuguese increase, the level and standard of living went up. The former slum dwellers started to live in better houses. The number of marriages between the two societies increased and more investments were started in the former slum area which had developed into better residential area. After the slum is burnt and some new houses are developed by the middle class, most of the vices exhibited initial by the slum society are not any more. The cases of illicit sexual relationships, fights and poor housing are replaced by a society which has burning desire for development, as the middle class society starts to put their interest for investment which turns the once unhealthy society into a meaningful livelihood suitable for human settlement. Other characters exhibited by the Brazilian slum live include the people’s despair, the slum excitement, and the perfumes. The dwellers of the slum always have the ever burning desire to live the lives of the neighborhood which is full of luxury. The slum itself is perceived as an organic unit, with all sorts of live present there. After the development, the slum starts to fills with urban college students and artists who also contribute to its gentrification. The slum life was initially portrayed as full of sadness and tragedy as seen in its naturalism but with these developments some sense of lively hoods have started to be seen. Another major development of the slum is the manner of ownership that is shown before and after the burning and housing of the land. Initially, the bigger percentage of the slum land was owned by some few individuals such as the slum lord, Joao Pomao who is seen as one of the big hypocrites and who exhibited a lot of control over the slum many landless. After the recreation of new houses most of the land was owned by several middle class people. Work Cited Caldwell, Hellen. The Brazilian Othello of Machado de Assis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1953. Joaquim, Maria. Machado de Assis. Dom Casmurro, Berkeley: University of California Press. 1953. Scott, Infanger. Living a Lie: the Silence of Truth in Dom Casmuro, Vanderbilt University, 2002, viewed on 13 July 2009 from < http://www. umassd. edu/cas/portuguese/lyinginportuguese-texts/scott-livingalie. doc > Assis, Machado and Gledson, Joao. Dom Casmurro. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 246.